abstract = {The promotion of Cornish as a widely-spoken community language has become more evident, especially after the creation by Cornwall Council of the first language strategy in 2004 and the current strategy for the period 2015\textendash 2025. However, since Cornish speakers constitute not much more than 1\% of the total population, it is important to take into account not only their position but also the attitudes of non-Cornish speakers in order to achieve some success (Fishman 1991: 174). The literature about the use of Cornish and attitudes towards its promotion is very scarce. SGR\`UD Research provided some details about the use of Cornish amongst speakers in 2000, such as the approximate number of speakers, totalling about 300 individuals. PFA Research (2007) described general apathy and rather weak opposition to the promotion of Cornish while the Cornish Language Partnership (2013b) and Croome (2015) presented some positive data amongst employees of Cornwall Council and teachers. The present study, based on the answers of 367 individuals to a questionnaire, provides a more detailed and updated report concerning the views of the inhabitants of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. It describes a very different panorama from those outlined previously, with attitudes radically opposed between self-declared Cornish nationals and those not identifying with Cornish nationality. It is expected that the recommendations based on these results may help increase the possibilities of success of the Cornish Language Strategy 2015\textendash 2025 in a way that may benefit Cornish and attract people to the language without encouraging opposition from the rest of the population.},
abstract = {The promotion of Cornish as a widely-spoken community language has become more evident, especially after the creation by Cornwall Council of the first language strategy in 2004 and the current strategy for the period 2015--2025. However, since Cornish speakers constitute not much more than 1\% of the total population, it is important to take into account not only their position but also the attitudes of non-Cornish speakers in order to achieve some success (Fishman 1991: 174). The literature about the use of Cornish and attitudes towards its promotion is very scarce. SGR\`UD Research provided some details about the use of Cornish amongst speakers in 2000, such as the approximate number of speakers, totalling about 300 individuals. PFA Research (2007) described general apathy and rather weak opposition to the promotion of Cornish while the Cornish Language Partnership (2013b) and Croome (2015) presented some positive data amongst employees of Cornwall Council and teachers. The present study, based on the answers of 367 individuals to a questionnaire, provides a more detailed and updated report concerning the views of the inhabitants of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. It describes a very different panorama from those outlined previously, with attitudes radically opposed between self-declared Cornish nationals and those not identifying with Cornish nationality. It is expected that the recommendations based on these results may help increase the possibilities of success of the Cornish Language Strategy 2015--2025 in a way that may benefit Cornish and attract people to the language without encouraging opposition from the rest of the population.},
keywords = {corn:pol,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\ferdinand-2019.pdf}
}
@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@
}
@book{Gendall1997a,
title = {Cornish\textendash English},
title = {Cornish--English},
author = {Gendall, Richard},
date = {1997},
volume = {1},
@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@
}
@book{Gendall1998c,
title = {English\textendash Cornish},
title = {English--Cornish},
author = {Gendall, Richard},
date = {1998},
volume = {2},
@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\gendall 2007c.pdf}
}
@article{George1985a,
@article{George1985,
title = {Le cornique : un cinqui\`eme dialecte du breton ?},
author = {George, Kenneth J.},
date = {1985},
@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@
@incollection{George1992c,
title = {An delinyans pellder-termyn-toul rag studhya an yeth kernewek},
booktitle = {Bretagne et pays celtiques \textendash{} langues, histoire, civilisation : m\'elanges offerts \`a la m\'emoire de L\'eon Fleuriot, 1923\textendash 87},
booktitle = {Bretagne et pays celtiques -- langues, histoire, civilisation : m\'elanges offerts \`a la m\'emoire de L\'eon Fleuriot, 1923--87},
author = {George, Kenneth J.},
editor = {Le Menn, G. and Le Moing, Jean-Yves},
date = {1992},
@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@
journaltitle = {Studia Celtica Posnaniensia},
volume = {3},
pages = {5--31},
abstract = {Of the four unrounded front vowels in Primitive Cornish, /i/, /{$\varepsilon$}/ and /a/ remained stable when long in closed syllables, but /ɪ/ had a tendency to fall together with /{$\varepsilon$}/. Jackson (1953) and Williams (1995) dated this change to the twelfth century, but the present research indicates that in most words, the change took place substantially later. An analysis of spellings and of rhymes show that not all words changed at the same time. Most stressed monosyllables in historical /-ɪz/ were pronounced [-ɪ{$\Elzlmrk$}z] in Middle Cornish and [-{$\varepsilon\Elzlmrk$}z] in Late Cornish. Those with historical /-ɪ\dh/ and /-ɪ\texttheta/ were dimorphic in Middle Cornish (i.e. they were spelled with both {$<$}y\textasciitilde i{$>$} and {$<$}e{$>$}), showing the sound-change in progress during that time. The process of change from [ɪ{$\Elzlmrk$}] to [{$\varepsilon\Elzlmrk$}] was one of lexical diffusion. The implications for the revived language are briefly examined.},
abstract = {Of the four unrounded front vowels in Primitive Cornish, /i/, /{$\varepsilon$}/ and /a/ remained stable when long in closed syllables, but /ɪ/ had a tendency to fall together with /{$\varepsilon$}/. Jackson (1953) and Williams (1995) dated this change to the twelfth century, but the present research indicates that in most words, the change took place substantially later. An analysis of spellings and of rhymes show that not all words changed at the same time. Most stressed monosyllables in historical /-ɪz/ were pronounced [-ɪːz] in Middle Cornish and [-{$\varepsilon$}ːz] in Late Cornish. Those with historical /-ɪ\dh/ and /-ɪ\texttheta/ were dimorphic in Middle Cornish (i.e. they were spelled with both {$<$}y\textasciitilde i{$>$} and {$<$}e{$>$}), showing the sound-change in progress during that time. The process of change from [ɪː] to [{$\varepsilon$}ː] was one of lexical diffusion. The implications for the revived language are briefly examined.},
keywords = {corn:tradling,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\george-2018.pdf}
}
@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@
}
@incollection{Hale1997b,
title = {Marjorie Filbee, {\emph{Celtic Cornwall}}, Constable and Company Ltd., 1996, 176 pp. ISBN 0 09 476 090, \textsterling 16.95},
title = {Marjorie Filbee, {\emph{Celtic Cornwall}}, Constable and Company Ltd., 1996, 176 pp. ISBN 0 09 476 090, \pounds 16.95},
booktitle = {Cornish Studies: Five},
author = {Hale, Amy},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
@ -1444,6 +1444,18 @@
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\hale 1998.pdf}
}
@incollection{Hale2005,
title = {Rethinking Henry Jenner},
booktitle = {Cornish studies: Thirteen},
author = {Hale, Amy},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
date = {2005},
pages = {307--312},
publisher = {University of Exeter Press},
location = {Exeter},
keywords = {corn,corn:factrev}
}
@incollection{Hale2006,
title = {Selling Celtic Cornwall: Changing markets and meanings},
booktitle = {Tourism consumption and representation: Narratives of place and self},
@ -1485,7 +1497,7 @@
author = {Harasta, Jesse Owen},
date = {2013},
institution = {Syracuse University},
abstract = {This dissertation is based upon fieldwork performed between 2007 and 2011 in Cornwall, a region of Southwestern Britain notable for its ambiguous ethnic identity \textendash{} caught between England and the Celtic nations \textendash{} and its unique, revived Celtic language, Kernewek. During the course of the research, work focused upon the role of the language revival movement as a tool for ethnic identification: hardening boundaries, shoring up faltering communities and nationalist purification. However, the language movement is divided into three primary factions, which take differing approaches to the language, and to their corresponding language ideology based upon their relationship to Cornish identity. These relationships are based upon speakers' sense of ethnic self as formed through class, kinship, linguistic self-perception, religious and political affiliations and place of birth and childhood. However, since the 2006 recognition of the language by the British states, all of these debates have become intensified due to pressure to standardize. This study examines specific examples including: teaching materials and pedagogical approaches in the language, debates over the minutiae of spelling, aesthetic sensibilities, and practices of the naming and renaming of people and places.},
abstract = {This dissertation is based upon fieldwork performed between 2007 and 2011 in Cornwall, a region of Southwestern Britain notable for its ambiguous ethnic identity -- caught between England and the Celtic nations -- and its unique, revived Celtic language, Kernewek. During the course of the research, work focused upon the role of the language revival movement as a tool for ethnic identification: hardening boundaries, shoring up faltering communities and nationalist purification. However, the language movement is divided into three primary factions, which take differing approaches to the language, and to their corresponding language ideology based upon their relationship to Cornish identity. These relationships are based upon speakers' sense of ethnic self as formed through class, kinship, linguistic self-perception, religious and political affiliations and place of birth and childhood. However, since the 2006 recognition of the language by the British states, all of these debates have become intensified due to pressure to standardize. This study examines specific examples including: teaching materials and pedagogical approaches in the language, debates over the minutiae of spelling, aesthetic sensibilities, and practices of the naming and renaming of people and places.},
keywords = {corn:critrev2,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\harasta 2013.pdf}
}
@ -1498,7 +1510,7 @@
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {248--263},
abstract = {Amongst the Cornish people\textemdash even many enthusiasts\textemdash there has been a long-standing belief that the Kernewek (Cornish) language is useless. Kernewek is a Celtic language spoken primarily by a small cadre of activists in the British region of Cornwall. This paper addresses the difficulties they face when the use of Kernewek in public is seen as legitimate only on the grounds of either economic measures or as static cultural heritage. Drawing upon a data set of almost 70 interviews, this article examines and compares the motivations of language students and one non-user, in the process challenging the notion of ``uselessness'' and instead focusing on the four ways that its users employ Kernewek in their everyday lives without necessarily utilizing it as a medium of communication. Instead, Kernewek is located within a larger project of social transformation, altering users, their families, the broader ethnic community or the global environment.},
abstract = {Amongst the Cornish people---even many enthusiasts---there has been a long-standing belief that the Kernewek (Cornish) language is useless. Kernewek is a Celtic language spoken primarily by a small cadre of activists in the British region of Cornwall. This paper addresses the difficulties they face when the use of Kernewek in public is seen as legitimate only on the grounds of either economic measures or as static cultural heritage. Drawing upon a data set of almost 70 interviews, this article examines and compares the motivations of language students and one non-user, in the process challenging the notion of ``uselessness'' and instead focusing on the four ways that its users employ Kernewek in their everyday lives without necessarily utilizing it as a medium of communication. Instead, Kernewek is located within a larger project of social transformation, altering users, their families, the broader ethnic community or the global environment.},
keywords = {corn:critrev2,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\harasta-2017.pdf}
}
@ -1522,7 +1534,7 @@
date = {2023},
journaltitle = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
doi = {10.1080/01434632.2022.2122478},
abstract = {practices of the translation of music lyrics for song competitions has created major shifts, including remarkable competitive successes. Proponents of the Kernewek (Cornish) Language have long used translated musical lyrics as a tool for language revival, especially in annual song competitions, like the Pan Celtic festival. Cornish musicians \textendash{} who, with few exceptions, cannot speak Kernewek \textendash{} work with volunteer translators to produce songs for competitions for audiences who also rarely speak Kernewek. This essay is built upon ethnographic fieldwork in Cornwall among language enthusiasts and musicians, as well as on recent interviews with musicians and translators who have competed in the Pan Celtic and similar festivals. It demonstrates a conscious use of language by non-fluent speakers to build identity and community among Cornish people and to promote the recognition of Cornwall's distinctiveness outside of the region. This builds upon previous work on metalinguistic community (Avineri and Harasta 2021) and ethnolinguistic infusion (Benor, Krasner, and Avni 2020), demonstrating the complex and important impact of state funding and coordination to increase the recognition and scope of use of the language.},
abstract = {practices of the translation of music lyrics for song competitions has created major shifts, including remarkable competitive successes. Proponents of the Kernewek (Cornish) Language have long used translated musical lyrics as a tool for language revival, especially in annual song competitions, like the Pan Celtic festival. Cornish musicians -- who, with few exceptions, cannot speak Kernewek -- work with volunteer translators to produce songs for competitions for audiences who also rarely speak Kernewek. This essay is built upon ethnographic fieldwork in Cornwall among language enthusiasts and musicians, as well as on recent interviews with musicians and translators who have competed in the Pan Celtic and similar festivals. It demonstrates a conscious use of language by non-fluent speakers to build identity and community among Cornish people and to promote the recognition of Cornwall's distinctiveness outside of the region. This builds upon previous work on metalinguistic community (Avineri and Harasta 2021) and ethnolinguistic infusion (Benor, Krasner, and Avni 2020), demonstrating the complex and important impact of state funding and coordination to increase the recognition and scope of use of the language.},
keywords = {corn:critrev2,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\harasta-2023.pdf}
}
@ -1802,7 +1814,7 @@
@incollection{Jenkin1992,
title = {Un nebeut notenno\`u diwar-benn Bretoned o chom e Kerne-Veur er c'hwezekvet kantved},
booktitle = {Bretagne et pays celtiques \textendash{} langues, histoire, civilisation : m\'elanges offerts \`a la m\'emoire de L\'eon Fleuriot, 1923\textendash 87},
booktitle = {Bretagne et pays celtiques -- langues, histoire, civilisation : m\'elanges offerts \`a la m\'emoire de L\'eon Fleuriot, 1923--87},
author = {Jenkin, M.},
editor = {Le Menn, G. and Le Moing, Jean-Yves},
date = {1992},
@ -1987,17 +1999,19 @@
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\kennedy 2013.pdf}
}
@book{Kennedy2022,
title = {The annual English\textendash Cornish dictionary 2022},
@book{Kennedy2024,
title = {The annual English--Cornish dictionary 2024},
author = {Kennedy, Neil},
date = {2022},
date = {2024},
edition = {2024 edition},
publisher = {Cornish Language Council},
location = {Lostwithiel},
keywords = {corn:swfmat,cornish}
keywords = {corn:swfmat,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\kennedy-2024.pdf}
}
@book{Kent2000a,
title = {Looking at the mermaid: A reader in Cornish literature, 900\textendash 1900},
title = {Looking at the mermaid: A reader in Cornish literature, 900--1900},
author = {Kent, Alan M. and Saunders, Tim},
date = {2000},
publisher = {Francis Boutle},
@ -2005,8 +2019,20 @@
keywords = {corn:unsorted,cornish}
}
@incollection{Kent2005,
title = {Scatting it t'lerrups: Provisional notes towards alternative methodologies in language and literary studies in Cornwall},
booktitle = {Cornish studies: Thirteen},
author = {Kent, Alan M.},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
date = {2005},
pages = {23--52},
publisher = {University of Exeter Press},
location = {Exeter},
keywords = {corn:meth,cornish}
}
@incollection{Kent2007,
title = {``Mozeying on down \ldots '': The Cornish language in North America},
title = {``Mozeying on down \dots '': The Cornish language in North America},
booktitle = {The Celtic languages in contact: Papers from the workshop within the framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies},
author = {Kent, Alan M.},
editor = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
@ -2178,7 +2204,7 @@
}
@article{Maber1979,
title = {Celtic prosody in late Cornish: the {{{\emph{englyn}}}} ``An lavar k\^oth yu lavar gu\^ir''},
title = {Celtic prosody in late Cornish: the {{{\emph{englyn}}}} ``An lavar k\^oth yu lavar gu\^{\i}r''},
author = {Maber, R. G.},
date = {1979},
journaltitle = {Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies},
@ -2208,7 +2234,7 @@
}
@incollection{MacKinnon2004,
title = {``As Cornish as possible'' \textendash{} ``Not an outcast anymore'' \textendash{} Speakers' and learners' opinions on Cornish},
title = {``As Cornish as possible'' -- ``Not an outcast anymore'': Speakers' and learners' opinions on Cornish},
booktitle = {Cornish Studies: Twelve},
author = {MacKinnon, Kenneth},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
@ -2254,13 +2280,13 @@
@incollection{Manning2005,
title = {Staging the state and the hypostasisation of violence in the medieval Cornish drama},
booktitle = {Cornish studies: Thirteen},
author = {Manning, P.},
author = {Manning, Paul},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
date = {2005},
pages = {126--169},
publisher = {University of Exeter Press},
location = {Exeter},
keywords = {corn:unsorted,cornish}
keywords = {corn:mc,cornish}
}
@article{Marx1985,
@ -2345,7 +2371,7 @@
}
@book{Mills2013,
title = {Oxford Children's Cornish\textendash English Visual Dictionary},
title = {Oxford Children's Cornish--English Visual Dictionary},
author = {Mills, Jon},
date = {2013},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
@ -2484,6 +2510,18 @@
keywords = {corn:unsorted,cornish}
}
@incollection{Murdoch2004,
title = {Rex David, Bersabe, and Syr Urry: A comparative approach to a scene in the Cornish {\emph{Origo mundi}}},
booktitle = {Cornish Studies: Twelve},
author = {Murdoch, Brian},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
date = {2004},
pages = {288--304},
publisher = {University of Exeter Press},
location = {Exeter},
keywords = {corn:mc,cornish}
}
@book{Nance1920,
title = {Folk-lore recorded in the Cornish language},
author = {Nance, Robert Morton},
@ -3003,7 +3041,7 @@
}
@book{Pennaod1978,
title = {Passyon agan Arluth: Pasion hon Aotrou \textendash{} Barzhoneg kernevek eus ar 15t kantved},
title = {Passyon agan Arluth: Pasion hon Aotrou -- Barzhoneg kernevek eus ar 15t kantved},
author = {Pennaod, G.},
date = {1978},
publisher = {Preder},
@ -3366,7 +3404,7 @@
}
@book{Saunders1999,
title = {The wheel: An anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850\textendash 1980},
title = {The wheel: An anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850--1980},
editor = {Saunders, Tim},
date = {1999},
publisher = {Francis Boutle Publishers},
@ -3429,12 +3467,12 @@
@article{Shield1984,
ids = {Shield1984a},
title = {Unified Cornish \textendash{} fiction or fact? An examination of the death and resurrection of the Cornish language},
title = {Unified Cornish -- fiction or fact? An examination of the death and resurrection of the Cornish language},
author = {Shield, Lesley E.},
date = {1984},
journaltitle = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
volume = {5},
number = {3\textendash 4},
number = {3--4},
pages = {329--337},
keywords = {corn:critrev2,cornish},
file = {C:\Users\3055822\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\readings\shield 1984.pdf}
@ -3453,7 +3491,7 @@
@incollection{Smith1999,
title = {An dasserghyans Kernewek},
booktitle = {The wheel: An anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850\textendash 1980},
booktitle = {The wheel: An anthology of modern poetry in Cornish 1850--1980},
author = {Smith, Arthur Saxon Dennett},
editor = {Saunders, Tim},
date = {1999},
@ -3488,6 +3526,18 @@
file = {C\:\\Users\\3055822\\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\\readings\\spriggs 2003 notes.rtf;C\:\\Users\\3055822\\OneDrive - Queen's University Belfast\\readings\\spriggs 2003.pdf}
}
@incollection{Spriggs2005,
title = {William Scawen (1600--1689): A neglected Cornish patriot and father of the Cornish language revival},
booktitle = {Cornish studies: Thirteen},
author = {Spriggs, Matthew},
editor = {Payton, Philip},
date = {2005},
pages = {98--125},
publisher = {University of Exeter Press},
location = {Exeter},
keywords = {corn,corn:factrev}
}
@incollection{Spriggs2010,
title = {The three epitaphs of Dolly Pentreath},
booktitle = {Cornish studies: Eighteen},
@ -3838,7 +3888,7 @@
}
@book{Williams2000c,
title = {English\textendash Cornish dictionary/Gerlyver sawsnek\textendash kernowek},
title = {English--Cornish dictionary/Gerlyver sawsnek--kernowek},
